Ovids Account of Aphrodite and Adonis

The love goddess of the Greeks, Aphrodite, usually made other people fall in love (or lust, more often than not), but sometimes she, too, was smitten. In this story of Adonis and Aphrodite, which comes from the tenth book of, the Roman poet Ovid summarizes Aphrodites ill-fated love affair with Adonis. Aphrodite fell in love with lots of males. The hunter Adonis was one of these. It was his good looks that attracted the goddess and now the very name Adonis is synonymous with male beauty. Ovid says that by Aphrodites falling in love with him, the mortal Adonis avenged the incest between his parent Myrrha and her father Cinyras and then he caused Aphrodite intolerable grief when he was killed. The original act of incest was provoked by unquenchable lust caused by Aphrodite. Note the geographic locations of cult sites that Aphrodite is accused of neglecting: Paphos, Cythera, Cnidos, and Amathus. Also, note the detail of Aphrodite flying with swans. Since this is part of the work on physical transformations by Ovid, the dead Adonis is turned into something else, a flower. Also worth noting: Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite V. This hymn tells the story of Aphrodites love affair with the mortal Anchises.Aspects of Venus (Aphrodite) Ovids Story The following is Arthur Goldings translation from 1922 of the section of the tenth book of Ovids Metamorphoses on the love story of Adonis and Aphrodite: That son of sister and grandfather, whowas lately hidden in his parent tree,just lately born, a lovely baby boyis now a youth, now man more beautiful825 than during growth. He wins the love of Venusand so avenges his own mothers passion.For while the goddess son with quiver heldon the shoulder, once was kissing his loved mother,it chanced unwittingly he grazed her breast830 with a projecting arrow. Instantlythe wounded goddess pushed her son away;but the scratch had pierced her deeper than she thoughtand even Venus was at first deceived.Delighted with the beauty of the youth,835 she does not think of her Cytherian shoresand does not care for Paphos, which is girtby the deep sea, nor Cnidos, haunts of fish,nor Amathus far-famed for precious ores.Venus, neglecting heaven, prefers Adonis840 to heaven, and so she holds close to his waysas his companion, and forgets to restat noon-day in the shade, neglecting the careof her sweet beauty. She goes through the woods,and over mountain ridges and wild fields,845 rocky and thorn-set, bare to her white kneesafter Dianas manner. And she cheersthe hounds, intent to hunt for harmless prey,such as the leaping hare, or the wild stag,high-crowned with branching antlers, or the doe.--850 she keeps away from fierce wild boars, awayfrom ravenous wolves; and she avoids the bearsof frightful claws, and lions glutted withthe blood of slaughtered cattle.She warns you,855 Adonis, to beware and fear them. If her fearsfor you were only heeded! Oh be brave,she says, against those timid animalswhich fly from you; but courage is not safeagainst the bold. Dear boy, do not be rash,860 do not attack the wild beasts which are armedby nature, lest your glory may cost megreat sorrow. Neither youth nor beauty northe deeds which have moved Venus have effecton lions, bristling boars, and on the eyes865 and tempers of wild beasts. Boars have the forceof lightning in their curved tusks, and the rageof tawny lions is unlimited.I fear and hate them all. When he inquires870 the reason, she says: I will tell it; youwill be surprised to learn the bad resultcaused by an ancient crime. -- But I am wearywith unaccustomed toil; and see! a poplarconvenient offers a delightful shade875 and this lawn gives a good couch. Let us restourselves here on the grass. So saying, shereclined upon the turf and, pillowingher head against his breast and mingling kisseswith her words, she told him the following tale: Story of Atalanta My dear Adonis keep away from allsuch savage animals; avoid all thosewhich do not turn their fearful backs in flightbut offer their bold breasts to your attack,1115 lest courage should be fatal to us both.Indeed she warned him. -- Harnessing her swans,she traveled swiftly through the yielding air;but his rash courage would not heed the advice.By chance his dogs, which followed a sure track,1120 aroused a wild boar from his hiding place;and, as he rushed out from his forest lair,Adonis pierced him with a glancing stroke.Infuriate, the fierce boars curved snoutfirst struck the spear-shaft from his bleeding side;1125 and, while the trembling youth was seeking whereto find a safe retreat, the savage beastraced after him, until at last, he sankhis deadly tusk deep in Adonis groin;and stretched him dying on the yellow sand.1130 And now sweet Aphrodite, borne through airin her light chariot, had not yet arrivedat Cyprus, on the wings of her white swans.Afar she recognized his dying groans,a nd turned her white birds towards the sound. And when1135 down looking from the lofty sky, she sawhim nearly dead, his body bathed in blood,she leaped down--tore her garment--tore her hair --and beat her bosom with distracted hands.And blaming Fate said, But not everything1140 is at the mercy of your cruel power.My sorrow for Adonis will remain,enduring as a lasting monument.Each passing year the memory of his deathshall cause an imitation of my grief.1145 Your blood, Adonis, will become a flowerperennial. Was it not allowed to youPersephone, to transform Menthes limbsinto sweet fragrant mint? And can this changeof my loved hero be denied to me?1150 Her grief declared, she sprinkled his blood withsweet-smelling nectar, and his blood as soonas touched by it began to effervesce,just as transparent bubbles always risein rainy weather. Nor was there a pause1155 more than an hour, when from Adonis, blood,exactly of its color, a loved flowersprang up, such as pomegranates give to us,small trees which later hide their seeds beneatha tough rind. But the joy it gives to man1160 is short-lived, for the winds which give the flowerits name, Anemone, shake it right down,because its slender hold, always so weak,lets it fall to the ground from its frail stem.

President John F. Kennedy - 1738 Words

President John Fitzgerald Kennedy Our Nation’s 35th President Andrew Hogenson History 112 June 15, 2015 John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th President of the USA and served at that position only for three years as at the end of the third year he was assassinated in Texas. Even though his presidential term was not long, it was significant, mostly with the strong opposition against the USSR (in a person of its Prime Minister of that time, Nikita Khrushchev). President Kennedy’s name is associated with the invasion of the Bay of Pigs, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall. Also, initiating the Project Apollo, establishment of the Peace Corps, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, and of course he was successful in preventing the Nuclear War during the Cuban Missile Crisis. From my point of view, although the 35th President of the US made many mistakes, he was successful in this position and left a significant track in the history of the USA. According to Kennedy’s biography, â€Å"despite his father s constant reprimands, young Kennedy was a poor student and a mischievous boy†. His father even wrote to John in attempt of encouraging the son: â€Å"If I did not really feel you had the goods I would be most charitable in my attitude toward your failings ... I am not expecting too much, and I will not be disappointed if you do not turn out to be a real genius, but I think you can be a really worthwhile citizen with good judgment and understanding†. However, young JohnShow MoreRelatedPresident John F. Kennedy1220 Words   |  5 PagesPresident John â€Å"Jack† Fitzgerald Kennedy was born May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts to Rose Kennedy and Joseph P. Kennedy. John F. Kennedy, also known as JFK, had three brothers and five sisters. Young John, â€Å"Jack† as he was known by, attended a boarding school for boys in Connecticut. Here he was active in football, golf, tennis, and basketba ll. Once Jack graduated Choate in 1936, he entered Harvard. It was while he was studying at Harvard that he injured his back while playing football,Read MorePresident John F. Kennedy1608 Words   |  7 PagesEveryone has an opinion about the president. Whether they like the president or dislike the president, someone has an opinion. There are only a few good president in the history of America that people can actually say they liked and enjoyed where they lead this country. One of those few presidents was President John F. Kennedy. Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, Kennedy became the youngest and first Roman Catholic president. He won the hearts of many Americans with his youthfulnessRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy975 Words   |  4 PagesIn the words of President John F. Kennedy,† Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future†. (John F. Kennedy) JFK was a president during a tense t ime in American History. The Civil Rights movement during the 1960’s questioned the status quo. This motivated change that influences many decisions we have today. The relevancy of truth and what is certain ascertains our duty as a citizen of the United States. As a citizen, it is our job to discernRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1675 Words   |  7 Pagesgo to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.† (Great Speeches Volume 27: John F. Kennedy, 2012). President John F. Kennedy delivered this infamous speech in the football stadium at Rice University in Houston, Texas on that very day. President Kennedy’s reason for his delivery of this speech was to address the state of our Nation’s Space Effort. The citizens of the United States of America were in quite a stateRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1746 Words   |  7 PagesWhen a president is able to effectively us e the power of rhetoric to move citizens to aspire to achieve the seemingly impossible, this president is able to transcend the limitations of the executive office itself. President John F Kennedy was masterful at this skill and the words he spoke and the dreams he invited us to share are as powerful today as they ever were. Our cultural memory of John F. Kennedy was shaped within a very narrow time frame. Kennedy, born in 1917, was only forty-six yearsRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy911 Words   |  4 Pages There are many theories on what happened on November 22, 1963. A president was assassinated while campaigning for re-election. Many people are skeptical about what happened and many theories have been formed. Though there is only one right answer to what really happened on this somber Friday, many people have formed their own beliefs. One theory is that there was more than one shooter. What, as close as can be collected from the existing reports, are the circumstances sur rounding JFK s death toRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy968 Words   |  4 Pages On January 20, 1961, President John F. Kennedy was sworn into office and made one of the most famous inaugural addresses in our country’s history. In his inaugural address, Kennedy spoke of the United States making some sort change in the world. Kennedy not only called upon Americans, but also others from different nations asking for their support in joining in peace for mankind’s success. Kennedy encouraged citizens to defend their freedom and presented his ideals for presidency for a time of changeRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1126 Words   |  5 Pages You know when you say something important or say you will make a change in life for the better, but sometimes you can’t follow through? Well with president John F. Kennedy he inspired much to people with all his speeches but never had the opportunity to follow through when he died so early. With Kennedy,they state that he was more talk than action. He traveled crazy with his wife to make his speeches for people to re-elect him because all the good things he could change in the U.S. He inspiredRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy883 Words   |  4 PagesToday was the day, today November 22, 1963 was the day I was going to meet my all-time favorite presidents John Fitzgerald Kennedy, better known by his initials, JFK. He was travelling west through the country speaking in nine different states, which include San Antonio, Houston, Fort Worth and then onto Dallas and Austin, he was preparing for his next presidential campaign and his trip was mainly about natural resources and conservation efforts but it was also in a way to support his reelectionRead MoreLife Of A President : John F. Kennedy2290 Words   |  10 Pagest he life of a president: John Fitzgerald Kennedy. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was more than just a Google search. He had a wife, Jacqueline (Jackie) Kennedy, and two children Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy, Jr. The Kennedys faced trouble when it came to having children not once, but twice. In 1956, Jackie gave birth to a stillborn baby girl they had planned on naming Arabella (Klein). Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born November 27, 1957. On August 7, 1963, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy was brought into

Challenges Of Reliable Information Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Challenges Of Reliable Information. Answer: Introduction In the modern era of globalization, expansion and acquisition has become an important aspect of any organization. This is because, the completion in the business environment is extremely intense and the company needs to see to it that it is able to abide by the competition for its survival. This is the reason why various companies, often look out for opportunities to invest in the emerging markets (Van den Nieuwboer, Van de Burgwal Claassen, 2016). The chosen emerging market for the report is Indonesia. Emerging markets have a huge potential to become the future economies and this makes them even more attractive to various international firms. However, expansion requires relevant reliable market information to access the feasibility for the expansion and for this reason various companies carry out research into the given countries (West, Ford Ibrahim, 2015). The given report will be analyzing three pitfalls which exist while researching reliable market information in the emerging e conomies like that of Indonesia. Pitfall: Availability of valid secondary information Very often when a business wants to invest into an emerging country, they need to have access to the past business data available in the country. This provides them with an exposure to the past trend analysis and the performance of the country with reference to a particular industry (Sarstedt Mooi, 2014). The companies before entering a market, often like to conduct various strategic management tools and analysis like the PESTLE Analysis, SWOT Analysis, and BCG Matrix Analysis and related in order to figure out the feasibility of the expansion and the profitability that can be expected out of them (Hadiz Robison, 2013). In an emerging country like Indonesia, there exists various opportunities for growth. The reason behind this is that the income level of the people has been increasing at a consistent rate and the economy has been flourishing. However, there exists lack of relevant data available on various subjects like the: Growth of attractive industries in the past Accurate rise in the Income level and Population growth Detailed Taxation breakdown and analysis These decision making criterias count for the most relevant aspects of an international business. Hence, if a company planning to invest in Indonesia has no accurate access to the information, they will not be able to make sound decisions (McGivern, 2013). This may lead to incorrect decisions being made on the side of the company and create huge losses for them. Secondly, in certain local libraries there exist certain information available; however, this information is often inaccessible (Hair Jr Lukas, 2014). They are not easily available on the online open library platforms, which cause difficulties in utilizing them. Therefore, as stated earlier if there is lack of information in these arenas, a business will not be able to conduct a strategic analysis and might not enter the country from the failure of fear which then might pose a threat on the Indonesian economy as well. These following suggestions have been proposed to overcome this barrier: Hiring local teams- As the information available in the local countries are restricted and inaccessible; this makes it difficult to find them on the online open libraries. For this reason, the company interested in investing in Indonesia, might hire local researchers and scholars to carry out a study. These researchers and scholars can be hired because they have an acute knowledge and information about the local economic and feasibility conditions (McQuarrie, 2015). Visiting the country In order to verify the information that will be presented by the local team of researchers and scholars, a separate department can be formed by the company, who would then visit the country for a period of 2-4 weeks and verify this collected information. If they above given methods are applied then, the company would find it easier to overcome the risk. Poor infrastructure Although Indonesia and other emerging and developing countries are often considered to be the most attractive markets to explore and to invest in, the investors often forget that these countries are still on their initial phase towards economic development and that it is necessary for the firms investing to understand that the infrastructure is yet not well developed (Webpages.uidaho.edu., 2018). The infrastructure forms the basis for any organizational research perspective. For the research to be conducted about the given country and to figure out any relevant factors that have a huge impact on the performance of the business, the access to communication facilities such as internet, tele communications, computers, fax and postal services. On top of that the availability of adequate electricity is one of the major requisites of carrying out effective research in the given country. For the given barriers, obtaining the reliable market information about the given markets becomes increasingly difficult. This is because the country lacks relevant resources required for an effective market research. Details about the factories that need to be developed and the area where the business will be operating can also be analyzed (Armstrong et al., 2015). However as many areas if Indonesia another EDME countries do not even have access to proper infrastructure or electricity, obtaining relevant market information can become increasingly difficult for the business organization. For instance, if a business has to develop information about the property rates in Indonesia, then it will not be able to do so due to lack of information on the internet available due to restricted infrastructure. Therefore, infrastructure is believed to be one of the most relevant criterias in a business market research. To improve in this dimension, the business organization can do the following: It can get into a contractual relationship with a local research and development team present in various universities in these countries. The students often need to make a thesis report before they can get their degrees and for this reason they can be collaborated with and they will help the firm in developing a structured process with the help of which they can overcome the barrier. These scholars can be provided with adequate information and facilities from the firm`s side which will help them in their research. Research cost variations Market research information in the emerging and developing countries often becomes a costly affair for the firm. This means that when the company aims to obtain relevant reliable market information with respect to consumer market and most used products or related information then, they have to invest huge costs (West Bogers, 2014). This is because; the government of these countries often restricts the users to obtain access to this secret information. The government often demands high sums of money to have an access. Hence, it often becomes increasingly difficult for a firm, to obtain relevant data in this aspect or to break through the bureaucratic government hierarchy to obtain this information. Furthermore, there exists issues such as corruption and agent problems in the given countries which would then lead further cost escalation on the firm`s side. As these countries have huge urban and rural disparity, the rural areas situated near the cities are accessible easily, however those located far away from the urban areas will be difficult to access. Huge logistics costs will be involved in the given process which would then lead to problems for the firm. The firms generally looking out for international expansions have a well defined budget, and they need to function just on a basis of the given budget. These distances between the different parts of the country and lack of a systematic transportation medium may cause problems for the company and be an expensive affair (Burns, Bush Sinha, 2014). Therefore, due to the high costs of research and the related obstacles involved various companies give away the idea of conductingmarketing research with respect to the given countries. The ways in which these causes can be overcome has been provided below: Researching upon the previous work conducted- Very often certain scholars research upon information as to the related reliable market information that the company needs access to, therefore, instead of conducting the expensive marketing analysis available, the company can engage in the secondary analysis of this kind of information which would go a long way to help the firm to overcome all its barriers related to costs and to see to it that the market information is also obtained. Taking reference from similar countries to that of Indonesia- If relevant information related to Indonesia is not available for the market opportunities, then the firm can conduct a research on the companies whose economy is similar to that of the Indonesian economy and take calculated risks thereby assuming that, the various components of their economy shall match with that of Indonesia (Malhotra, Birks Wills, 2013). Hiring specialists- The Company may also hire specialists who would help them in conducting the research in exchange for internship opportunities in the firm or for some related fees. Conclusion Therefore, from the given analysis it can be stated that although the emerging and developing economies like Indonesia have a huge amount of potential to become the future advanced economies, however, the multinational companies cannot adequately conduct a market research before entering the country due to various barriers and obstacles related to availability of information. Certain pitfalls that the companies face refer to lack of reliable market information due to High cost variations, Lack of proper infrastructure and availability and accessibility to secondary information. The report has discussed various pitfalls and how the unavailability of the information to the firms might divert them from entering the market. Furthermore, the suggested ways to mitigate the pitfalls have also been provided. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015). Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Burns, A. C., Bush, R. F., Sinha, N. (2014).Marketing research(Vol. 7). Boston, MA, USA: Pearson. Hadiz, V. R., Robison, R. (2013). The political economy of oligarchy and the reorganization of power in Indonesia.Indonesia,96(1), 35-57. Hair Jr, J. F., Lukas, B. (2014).Marketing research(Vol. 2). McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Malhotra, N. K., Birks, D. F., Wills, P. (2013).Essentials of marketing research. Pearson. McGivern, Y. (2013).The practice of market research: an introduction. Pearson Higher Ed. McQuarrie, E. F. (2015).The market research toolbox: a concise guide for beginners. Sage Publications. Sarstedt, M., Mooi, E. (2014). A concise guide to market research.The Process, Data, and. Van den Nieuwboer, M., Van de Burgwal, L. H. M., Claassen, E. (2016). A quantitative key-opinion-leader analysis of innovation barriers in probiotic research and development: valorisation and improving the tech transfer cycle.PharmaNutrition,4(1), 9-18. Webpages.uidaho.edu. (2018).Obstacles to Information Access and Use in Developing Countries, Akobundu Dike Ugah. Retrieved 24 March 2018, from https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/ugah3.htm West, D. C., Ford, J., Ibrahim, E. (2015).Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, USA. West, J., Bogers, M. (2014). Leveraging external sources of innovation: a review of research on open innovation.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(4), 814-831.

Separate Schooling for the Sexes from Kindergarten to University Level in Saudi Arabia

Summary Education is acknowledged to be the foundation of the socio-economic development of a nation. An effective educational system which yields high results is therefore seen as being essential for a nation’s well being. As such, having an effective education system is an objective of all governments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Separate Schooling for the Sexes from Kindergarten to University Level in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper has begins by noting that modern Saudi Education was established in 1970 through the Education Policy Document. The various stages in the Saudi Education system are articulated as; pre-school, elementary school, secondary school and higher education institutes. The differences between boy and girl’s schools vary from level to level. In the secondary school level, the difference is that girls have fewer choices than boys who have choices fro m; vocation schools, military schools and the education ministry. The higher education institutes are the ones with the most differences. While more women are enrolled than men, some courses are limited to men and the educational facilities offered to men are superior to the women’s. Even so, changes have improved conditions for women and now they have access to most courses. The paper concludes by stating that while Saudi Arabia has an effective educational system, its success can be hampered if the male students in higher learning institutes continue to be favored at the expense of females. Introduction The educational system of a society is fundamental to the development and ultimate advancement of the entire community. Educators and governments all over the world have acknowledged that the educational structure and practices adopted can have a significant effect on the education of the population leading to significant impact on economic and social outcomes of their citiz ens. An effective educational system which yields high results is therefore seen as being essential for a nation’s well being. Most countries have developed varied educational systems which are as a result of the various cultural backgrounds or even religious orientations of the particular nations.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Saudi Arabia’s educational system is one of the education systems that exhibit profound differences in structure and governance from most western country educational systems. These differences are as a result of the religious and cultural realities of the country. A unique feature of Saudi Arabia’s education system is the separate schooling for the sexes from kindergarten to university level. This paper will argue that this separation on the basis of gender is one of the factors that have made Saudi Arabia’s education system so eff ective. The paper shall focus on the individual differences between the male and female schools. Structure and Governance Formal education in the Saudi Arabian Kingdom traces its roots to the 1930s when King Abdul Aziz started primary school programs in the Kingdom. Even so, the core foundation of the Saudi Education system is viewed to be the Education Policy Document issued in 1970 by the Saudi Council of Ministers. This policy aimed among other things to implement educational plans and programs that would be universally accessible to the members of Saudi Kingdom. Al-Khaldi (2007) states that the one of the core ambitions of the policy was to achieve education for all. The Saudi government is committed to the provision of education to its population. A study by Rugh (2002) reveals that as a general rule, primary education is free while secondary and higher education is highly subsidized by the government. A notable attribute of Saudi Arabia’s education system is that it is highly centralized in nature and the overall supervision is done by the Ministry of Education This ministry is also charged with the training and subsequent employment of the teaching staff. Saudi Arabia’s education has also become increasingly religious with the incorporation of religious teaching into the curricula. A study conducted in 2002 on education in Saudi Arabia revealed that â€Å"Islam is not only integral to Saudi education but also serves as the very essence of its curriculum† (Walsh, 2009, p.33).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Separate Schooling for the Sexes from Kindergarten to University Level in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Educational institutes are grouped into two: public sponsored and private. Both private and state-sponsored schools use the same textbooks hence ensuring uniformity. The government supervises the curricula of the private schools so as to ensu re uniformity and as a general rule, private schools can only â€Å"add to the government-approved curriculum, not subtract from it† (Rugh, 2002, p.45). Kindergarten Level The first stage of education in Saudi Arabia is the kindergarten level which caters for children below the age of six. This educational level is optional and parents may choose to home school their children. The schools at this level are under the Education ministry. Coed learning is permitted for pre-school age children and kindergartens therefore making this education level the only one where mixed learning is permitted in Saudi Arabia. The education policy of 1970 which is a foundation pillar for Saudi Arabia’s education system explicitly states that â€Å"Co-education is prohibited in all educational stages except in nurseries and kindergartens† (Al-Jawhara, 2008). Elementary school Elementary education which caters for pupils from the age of six through twelve is compulsory for all Saudis . Each school year in the elementary level consists of two semesters. Upon completion of this stage, pupils can move on to the intermediate schools which last for three years. Upon successful completion of this stage, the pupil can be enrolled to secondary school. Through grades 1 to 12, boy schools are supervised by the Ministry of Education. Up until 2002, girl’s schools through these grades were supervised by the General Presidency of Girls Education but the institute was abolished and its role taken up by the Ministry of Education. At the end of the Intermediate level, national examinations are undertaken and one must obtain the Intermediate School Certificate as a prerequisite to entering secondary education. Following this examination, the Education Ministry offers both boys and girls the chance to choose either a literary or scientific path for their secondary education. This choice has an impact on the career path of the individual since it determines the courses that one is eligible for in college.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondary Level A major difference between girls and boys schooling is exhibited when pupils are selecting the schools to join for secondary education. While the boys are presented with a myriad of options, girls are limited to a single choice of schools run by the Ministry of Education. Boys on the other hand may elect to attend schools operated by the Ministry of Education or those run by the Islamic University. In addition to this, Saudi boys can enroll in vocational and technical schools that are run by the General Organization for Technical Education and Vocational Training. Such institutes provide technical and commercial courses for boys whose careers are not aligned with the mainstream education courses. Also, boys can join schools run by the Ministry of Defense. These military schools enable the student to take on a military career in future. Another difference is in the selection of sporting facilities available to the students. Rugh (2002) reports that while boy schools a re exposed to a wide array of sports ranging from football to cricket, girls are highly restricted. However, this is not necessarily a negative thing since males are more rule-oriented and attracted to sporting activities while females on the other hand shy away from overly competitive activities. Moes (2005) reveals that stress and confrontation which motivates males to improve their performance has the opposite effect on girls. In addition to this, female students show great interest in other curriculum activities except sports as compared to male students (Hamdan, 2005). Higher Education Level There are numerous opportunities for higher education in Saudi Arabia and most students take advantage of this. Saud Arabia boasts of 109 university colleges in 11 universities that are supervised by the Ministry of Higher Education. There is also an excess of 141 colleges which offer courses ranging from teachers training to agriculture. As a result of separate schooling there are some cou rses that are only available to men. Women are always denied admission to the renowned King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals in Dhahran which only offers its courses to males. This slightly limits the opportunities for women since the course option that one has in higher education has some bearing to their success in the job market (Wiseman, et al., 2008). Even so, the other universities admit women and as such, women have equal opportunity with men to pursue higher education. Following recent reforms in the Saudi Arabian education policy by the Ministry of Education, women have been given access to courses such as mechanical and civil engineering which were previously only open to male students. While male students have a say over the classes they take up in university, females may not always have a choice. Guardianship laws which are strongly embedded in Saudi culture sometimes affect the education of women. In some universities, women are required to get guardianâ€℠¢s approval before they can resister for classes. Doumato (2009) states that this sometimes limits women from having the right to enroll in the programs of their choice. Mirza (2007) reveals that while female teachers are abundant at the elementary and secondary school levels, there is a shortage of teachers at the higher-level education. This shortage is as a result of the traditional Saudi society where the role of women was mostly limited to taking car of the home and raising the children. Men who were considered the breadwinners were more likely to seek higher education both in Saudi institutes and overseas. This situation has resulted to an adequate pool of male faculty members and a dire shortage of female ones. The proficiency of the teachers who teach the different genders is also different. These results in a significant difference in the quality of education provided to men and women. Studies indicate that over 34% of the men teaching at men universities hold doctorates as compared to a mere 3% of those who teach in women’s universities (Hamdan, 2005; AlMunajjed, 1997) A model approach for education delivery in higher education institutes in Saudi Arabia involves a distributed learning environment. A distributed learning environment is defined as â€Å"one where there is an integration between face-to-face instruction and online communication between faculty and students (Mirza, 2007; Dede, 1996). In this set up, female students have an online communication and very limited face to face interaction with their instructors while the male students benefit from face-to-face interaction. A study by Mirza (2007) revealed that female students felt a great desire for having face to face instructions from their tutors and as such, the online communication was detrimental to their learning experience. This is because not having the instructor in the same classroom resulted in the loss of concentration by the female students. A significant difference in male and female education is in the amount of money that the government and education institutes appropriate for male and female education. Hamdan (2005) documents that women’s education is appropriated only 18% of the share in higher education. In addition to this, the facilities that women are provided with are of inferior quality as compared to men. For example, Saudi women are denied access to many libraries affiliated with schools as well as public libraries. Women libraries on the other hand are poorly equipped and small. Discussion Education is acknowledged to be the foundation of the socio-economic development of a nation. As such, having an effective education system is an objective of all governments. The Saudi government has placed a strong emphasize on education and continuous to the most ardent supporter of the growth of the education sector. The differences exhibited between the male and female schools are in line with one of the general principles of the educa tional policy as articulated in 1978 by the Ministry of Higher Education. This is that â€Å"Women have the right to receive education that is suitable to their natural endowments and which would prepare them for their role in life† (Al-Khaldi, 2007). Men and women differ significantly and the approach in teaching them should take this into consideration. It is held that men and women’s brains operate differently and modern brain scanning technology has allowed scientists to demonstrate that â€Å"males use less of and specific areas of their brain while females tend to use both hemispheres for the same tasks† (Moes, 2005, p.5). Moes (2005) asserts that after nearly decades of conscientious social engineering, children still choose gender-specific toys and boys remain competitive while girls are cooperative. These revelations point to the inherent difference between boys and girls. Zahra (2001) goes as far as to propose a feminine theory of education which would ideally be rooted in transformative learning. However, separate schooling does present some setbacks. Most significantly, separate schooling results in differing in choices available to students based on gender. For example, after intermediate level school, males have a number of options which give them an advantage over the females. The online education that is imposed on women also places them at a disadvantage compared to men who have face to face interactions with their instructors. Even so, separate schooling yields the best for the sexes. Concerns about equity are grounds for the controversy that single sex schooling attracts. Moes (2005) reveals that this is not the case since separating boys and girls for schooling offers educators an opportunity to cater for the unique needs for the different genders. While some argue that separate schooling discriminates against women, Rugh (2002) reveals that the number of Saudi female college students has risen exponentially from a mere 100 in the mid 1960s to over 140,000 by 2002. Furthermore, for many women in Saudi Arabia, sex segregation is not synonymous with a lesser social status. Conclusion This paper set out to give an in depth analysis of the Saudi Arabian Education system with particular emphasis on the separate schooling system and the differences that arise as a result of this system. To this end, the paper has reviewed the structure of the Saudi system and the various attributes which influence the school system. From this paper, it is clear that religion plays a major role in the lives of Saudis. Considering the centrality of Islam in the Saudi Education, it stands to reason that the educational system should be in line with the religious tenets. It is also clear from this paper that the Saudi government places great significance on the education of its people. As a result of this, there has been significant progress made in increasing literacy for the population. This paper has demonstrated that Sa udi Arabia applies strict educational policies in accordance with the teachings of Islam. However, this paper has noted that the bias on male educational resources at the expense of females is retrogressive to what is otherwise an effective educational system. References Al-Jawhara, B. (2008). Woman in Saudi Arabia Cross – Cultural Views. Ghainaa Publications Al-Khaldi, S. (2007). Education Policies in the GCC States. Gulf Research Center. Doumato, E.A. (2009). Women’s rights in the Middle East and North Africa. Freedom House. Hamdan, A. (2005). â€Å"Women and education in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and achievements†. International Education Journal, 2005, 6(1), 42-64. Moes, M. (2005). American Muslim Schools and the Single-Sex Approach to Education. Gulf Research Center. Mirza, A. A. (2007). â€Å"Students’ Perceived Barriers to In-Class Participation in a Distributed and Gender-Segregated Educational Environment†. Proc ISECON 2007, v24 Rugh, A. W. (2002). â€Å"Education in Saudi Arabia: choices and constraints†. Middle east policy, VOL. IX, NO. 2. This essay on Separate Schooling for the Sexes from Kindergarten to University Level in Saudi Arabia was written and submitted by user Alissa P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.